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. There are no good statistics yet on how many people are moving from desk jobs to field work, but Kimberley Hart, Karen Sommerlad and Erik Jacobs have all made the transition. Ms Hart gave up making costumes for Broadway productions to grow vegetables on a modest rented farm in upstate New York, while Mr Jacobs left behind his career as a Boston-based freelance news photographer to study as an apprentice farmer. Meanwhile, Ms Sommerlad left a campus planning post at Harvard University to grow everything “from arugula [rocket] to zucchini [courgettes]“. The trend seems most noticeable in the north-eastern United States – where all three live – as well as in California, possibly because of the flourishing “eat local” movements and growth of farmers’ markets in both areas. ‘Viable career’ In the US, there are now 456,000 “beginning farmers”, defined by the government as those with less than a decade’s experience. According to the US Department of Agriculture, they are less likely than established farmers to receive government subsidies, and more likely to be college educated and have jobs off the farm. They also earn less from farming, and work smaller farms – though they aren’t necessarily younger than their more established peers. Although official statistics have yet to show an increase in the number of these novice farmers, there is plenty of anecdotal evidence. There are now more than 8,000 farmers’ markets across the US, a 38% increase in five years, and up from a few hundred a generation ago. At the Farm School in Athol, Massachusetts, demand for its year-long learn-to-farm programme has jumped from 15-20 applicants five years ago to nearly 50 this year, according to farm director Patrick Connors. He says the Farm School’s programme “grew out of this recognition that more and more people were looking to build these [farming] skills”. “This has become a viable career,” adds Mr Connors. “There’s lots of people in New England and California who run successful small businesses on their farms. As it’s become a more viable profession, I think more people are considering it.” Pupils on last year’s class at Farm School ranged in age from 19 to 53. Incoming students this autumn include a lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, and several business executives. Second jobs While no-one is getting rich running a small-scale farm, for Ms Sommerlad and her husband, David Cobb, it supplements their retirement earnings. “We really do it because we love growing food and connecting with the community,” says Ms Sommerlad. “The income is secondary.” For Ms Hart, her goal for this year is to make a modest $10,000 (?6,400) profit. “Even if we totally mess up, we should be able to make that,” she says. Yet virtually all small farmers – both the new and the experienced – supplement their crop earnings, sometimes with added-value products like making cheese from their cows’ milk. Often one partner will continue to have a non-farming job in the city, while the other manages the farm full-time. Ms Hart and her husband, Thad Simerly, have this arrangement. He still commutes to New York City for his job in plaster restoration, where he earns far more than they could ever make on the farm. At the Farm School, many graduates use their former careers as a way to supplement their agricultural earnings. Mr Jacobs will continue to take photos for editorial clients, as well as recording his farming experiences on his He plans to work as a salaried farmer this year, while his wife continues her job as a staff photographer at the Boston Globe. The two had their first child, a boy, in May. ‘Fickle market’ Another thing new farmers learn early – it often makes more sense to lease their acreage than fulfil their fantasy of owning the land themselves. Ms Hart leases her land, and Mr Jacobs is about to, now he has finished his programme at the Farm School. Mr Jacobs says renting instead of owning land will allow him to be free of burdensome debt that he worried would turn working the land into just another job. Ms Sommerlad and her husband own their land, but instead of buying an expensive field, they grow high-value vegetables for restaurants and farmers’ markets on just half an acre of their back yard in Sudbury, Vermont. “It’s kind of a fickle market, so we decided to stick with what we know we can grow,” says Ms Sommerlad. “We worked it out so that if we make money that’s terrific. If we don’t then we’re not going to go hungry. We’ll still have a roof over our head.” All three novices agree that the joy of farming vastly outweighs its low financial returns – at least so far. Ms Hart says her goal was to be self-sufficient and sustainable. And because she and her husband wanted an escape. “We wanted to make our living from farming to extricate ourselves from the city,” she says. Mr Jacobs says: “One of the ways I keep from despairing [about the world] is doing this farming thing. There’s a lot of peace in reducing my footprint and living my values.”Internet technology, especially mobile, allows us to monitor our resources like never before – in theory making sharing more possible.It is happening on both sides of the English Channel.The website , wants you to turn your kitchen into a restaurant, inviting guests to take part in your meal. The start-up has almost 3,000 users, almost half of whom are in France.The recent LeWeb conference, examined the sharing idea, which it called “Digital Hippydom” and it found that the French public and companies are particularly suited to the online, sharing economy.Meanwhile in Britain, uses apps to encourage people to share their experience of growing their own vegetables. It then allows users to trade their produce and create an online harvest for everyone to share.Video Journalist: Dougal ShawUp Next is a new series of video features for the BBC News website which examines the new developments that could affect all of our lives in the future.20 September 2012Last updated at 08:19 GMT The woman who lost all seven children By Robin BanerjiBBC World Service Sharon Bernardi lost all seven of her children to a rare genetic disease. It has driven her to support medical research that would allow defective genetic material to be replaced by DNA from another woman. Every time Sharon got pregnant she would pray that this time it would be different. She felt fine during pregnancy and the births went well, and then quickly something would start to go wrong. Each of her first three children died within hours of birth and no-one knew why. “It took us a long time to get over the first one and then it happened again. I was bewildered,” says Sharon, from Sunderland. “I was in shock.” After the third child died, doctors began to suspect that the deaths weren’t coincidental. But genetic investigation didn’t provide any definite answers. At the same time, her mother revealed that she’d had three stillbirths before Sharon had been born. Further investigations by doctors revealed that members of Sharon’s extended family had lost another eight children between them. “I didn’t know about my mum’s history,” says Sharon. “There was no need for me to know. I was my mother’s only child. And I think that in her era people didn’t really talk about things as they do now.” Then along came Edward, Sharon’s fourth child. This time the doctors were more prepared. For his first 48 hours, Edward received drugs and blood transfusions to prevent the lactic acidosis (a kind of blood poisoning) that had killed his siblings. Five weeks later Sharon and her husband Neil were allowed to take Edward to their home in Sunderland for Christmas. Edward lived. Although his health was often poor and Sharon had to care for him a lot of the time, he was a cheerful, active boy. At the age of four he started to have seizures. It was then that the doctors were finally able to diagnose Edward’s – and indeed Sharon’s – problem. Having gone through the history of Sharon’s babies, doctors diagnosed Edward with Leigh’s disease, a disorder that affects the central nervous system. The disease is caused by a defect in the mother’s mitochondria, often referred to as the power plant of the cell. “This is going to sound strange but I was relieved that, at last, I had an answer.” Not that the news made life much easier for Sharon. Her doctors told her that Edward could enjoy long periods of remission but that his health could also go down quite quickly. And meanwhile there was always the risk of Edward dying in one of his seizures, which could last for days. “It’s hard when you want to have a family, and you finally have a baby like Edward, and you think you’re finally getting somewhere with your hopes and your dreams, and then somebody tells you that at any moment your child is going to die.” Sharon and Neil Bernardi were told that Edward was going to die before he was five. “Obviously, you either go down or you start fighting,” says Sharon. Edward and his mother were fighters. In the end Edward survived into adulthood, dying last year at the age of 21. Sharon and Neil kept on trying for a healthy baby but without luck. Although three more children were born, none lived beyond the age of two. Each time one of their children died, they told themselves that “the death was a one-off”. After their last child had a heart attack and died in 2000 they stopped trying. “People ask, what was different about Edward? How come he survived as a baby when he had all the problems that would later build up? I don’t know but Edward had some fight in him. He was fighting to survive all his life. I think that was in his personality.” The death of all her children put strains on her marriage, and on the wider family. “It also affects the family, the grandparents, their hopes and dreams for their grandchildren.” People have accused Sharon and Neil of being selfish for wanting what they cannot have – their own family of healthy children. “I don’t think I am selfish,” says Sharon. “I wanted my child to be healthy.” “In the last year of his life Edward was in chronic pain. He had dystonic spasms caused by things going wrong in his brain. His muscles would go into spasm for up to six hours at a time. Drugs could not help him. Part of Edward’s body was beginning to fail.” The suffering of Sharon’s children has convinced her of the need to pursue the kind of genetic therapies that would allow mitochondrial defects to be remedied. “When you see somebody in pain you don’t want to see somebody else in pain. You don’t want to see a child who is born only to suffer and die before they’re two, or if they do survive to have devastating disabilities.” “It’s not about being selfish. It’s not about wanting designer babies. It’s not about doing injustice to people with disabilities. It’s about trying to create a healthy baby. It’s about trying to give a child a future.” Sharon Bernardi was talking to BBC World Service’s NewshourWatch the latest World Debates 2012 From Tokyo, Japan From Johannesburg, South Africa From Davos, Switzerland Recorded 27 January 2012 From Paris, France Recorded 6 July 2012 2011 From Mumbai, India Recorded 13 November 2011 From Rome, Italy Recorded 25 September 2011 From Washington, DC Recorded 22 September 2011 From Vienna, Austria Recorded 21 June 2011 From St Petersburg, Russia Recorded 17 June 2011 From Lusaka, Zambia Recorded 16 June 2011 From Jakarta, Indonesia Recorded 13 June 2011 From Washington DC Recorded 24 May 2011 From Nuuk, Greenland Recorded 12 May 2011 From Brussels, Belgium Recorded 26 March 2011 From Johannesburg, South Africa Recorded 12 March 2011 From Istanbul, Turkey Recorded 23 February 2011 From Davos, Switzerland Recorded 29 January 2011 2010 From Luxor, Egypt Recorded December 12 2010 From Dubai, UAE Recorded 30 November 2010 From Marrakech, Morocco Recorded 27 October 2010Discover a world of news in one place. From Monday 14 January 2013, the BBC gathers its news journalism under one roof. On screen, BBC World News looks sharper and more dynamic than ever before, with high definition and virtual reality studios and innovative multi-platform content helping to bring the news to life like never before. The BBC employs more journalists than any other international broadcaster and produces news in 28 languages. The World’s Newsroom is a melting pot for the best journalism in the world, using five custom-built studios with new sets and fresh creative graphics and cutting-edge cameras with virtual reality and 3D capabilities to create news that’s immersive, dynamic, and more engaging than ever. Watch BBC World News to experience a new era in news broadcasting, and see some photographs of the . You can also hear from fellow on the many languages in which we broadcast, find out more about our new and watch our . Read a about the changes by Andrew Roy, head of news for BBC World News. For the list of all programmes, go to23 June 2012Last updated at 10:51 GMT The world’s oldest clove tree By Simon WorrallTernate, Indonesia Indonesia’s “Spice Islands” produced more nutmeg, mace, pepper and cloves than anywhere else in the world and on the island of Ternate, one particular tree has an extraordinary history. “Bule, Bule,” shout the children excitedly, as our jeep threads its way up a steep road on the side of the volcano. “White man, White man.” I am on Ternate, one of Indonesia’s fabled Spice Islands. The midday call to prayer mingles with the mosquito-whine of motorcycles. Above us, smoke seeps from the side of Gamalama, the pyramid-shaped volcano that dominates the island. It had erupted only a month earlier, sending a tongue of molten lava pouring down the mountain into the sea. This part of the world is not called “The Ring of Fire” for nothing. I am searching for the world’s oldest clove tree. Why it is called Afo, no one knows. Neither is it exactly certain when Afo was planted. But estimates suggest it is between 350 and 400 years old. For millennia, Ternate and the neighbouring island of Tidore were the world’s only source of those fragrant, twig-like herbs that love to hide at the back of our kitchen cupboards. Cloves from Ternate were traded by Arab seafarers along the maritime Silk Route as far afield as the Middle East, Europe and China. A Han dynasty ruler from the 3rd Century BC insisted that anyone addressing him chew cloves to sweeten their breath. Their origin was a fiercely-guarded secret until the Portuguese and Spanish burst into the Java Sea in the 16th Century. Our hip, young Indonesian driver is clearly baffled as to why anyone should want to see an old tree. And he clearly has no idea where Afo is. At a roadside stall selling everything from basketballs to fruit, we stop to ask directions. The stallholder points back down the hill. With great difficulty, and reeking brake pads, we turn round and drive back down the volcano. After a few hundred yards, we spot a signboard pointing to some steps cut into the hillside. The path winds upwards through groves of clove trees and bamboo. We are at nearly 1,800m (6,000ft) above sea level. Below us, through the foliage, I can just make out the sea and, beyond it, the island of Tidore. Huffing and puffing up one last flight of steps I find myself under a tree that was probably here when Shakespeare was alive. Afo was once 40 metres tall and four metres round. Sadly, today, all that remains is a massive stump and some bare branches. A few years ago, villagers hungry for firewood even attacked Afo with machetes. A brick wall now surrounds it. If the Dutch had had their way, Afo would not have survived at all. The Netherlands United East India Company, or Voc, was the world’s first multinational corporation. And just as corporations today seek to monopolise plant genes in the developing world, the Voc set about seizing total control of spice production. In 1652, after displacing the Portuguese and Spanish, the Dutch introduced a policy known as extirpatie: extirpation. All clove trees not controlled by the Voc were uprooted and burned. Anyone caught growing, stealing or possessing clove plants without authorisation faced the death penalty. On the Banda Islands, to the south – the world’s only source of nutmeg – the Dutch used Japanese mercenaries to slaughter almost the entire male population. Like Opec today, the Voc also limited supply to keep prices high. Only 800-1,000 tonnes of cloves were exported per year. The rest of the harvest was burned or dumped in the sea. Somehow, Afo managed to slip through the net. A rogue clove. A guerrilla plant waging a secret war of resistance. Afo would eventually bring down the Dutch monopoly on cloves. In 1770, a Frenchman, appropriately named Poivre, stole some of Afo’s seedlings. This Monsieur Pepper took them to France, then the Seychelles Islands and, eventually, Zanzibar, which is today the world’s largest producer of cloves. As I stand looking up into its branches, I wonder who planted Afo – and kept its location secret all those years. Or did it just survive because of its remoteness high on the slopes of Gamalama? Either way, this ancient clove tree remains a symbol of the ultimate folly of empire – and the stubborn refusal of nature to be controlled. How to listen to From Our Own Correspondent: BBC Radio 4: A 30-minute programme on Saturdays, 11:30 BST. Second 30-minute programme on Thursdays, 11:00 BST (some weeks only). or BBC World Service: Hear daily 10-minute editions Monday to Friday, repeated through the day, also available to . Read more or at the .30 September 2013Last updated at 19:44 GMT Thief Yafet Askale caught out by ‘invisible’ dye A thief who broke into a decoy car was caught out due to an “anti-crime” dye that turned his face bright green. Yafet Askale, 28, was sprayed with the substance, which can only be seen under ultraviolet light, when he broke into a police “trap car” in Harlesden, north-west London. Askale denied the charge of theft from a motor vehicle, but was convicted at Hendon Magistrates’ Court. Police said that the dye proved Askale had been in the car. He was also found to have a number of stolen items, including a laptop. Askale, of Harlesden Gardens, Harlesden, was sentenced on Friday to 49 hours of community service and was ordered to pay ?400 costs. Brent Police said they had also been providing residents with invisible dye kits so they can mark their property to deter thieves.27 March 2013Last updated at 17:31 GMT This is BBC News BBC News reaches about 40 million adults in the UK every week – its international services are consumed by an additional 239 million adults around the world. The department is the largest in the BBC in terms of staff, with more than 8,500 people around the UK and the rest of the world. BBC News incorporates network news (the newsroom, news programmes such as Newsnight and Newsbeat, political programmes such as the Daily Politics, and the weather team), English Regions and Global News. Material is brought into the BBC by its newsgathering staff, one of the largest operations of its kind in the world, with more than 40 international bureaux and seven in the UK. It is transmitted to audiences on an increasingly diverse range of platforms including tablet computers and mobile phones. NETWORK NEWSROOM The 24-hour newsroom is responsible for the One, Six and Ten O’Clock bulletins, the BBC News channel, radio bulletins and summaries, BBC World, the World Service and the BBC News website. Since 2013, nearly all this output has been produced and transmitted from the new wing of Broadcasting House (NBH) at the north end of Regent Street in central London. It is tucked behind the original Art Deco building that was opened as the BBC’s first purpose-built headquarters in 1932. NBH is occupied by 3,000 journalists and production staff in the news division. At the heart of the building, occupying the basement and ground floors, is the multimedia newsroom, the biggest in Europe, which brings together all the BBC’s network and global news production for the first time. From here, BBC journalists, many of them specialists, deliver high-quality audio, visual and text accounts of breaking news and significant events with merged teams and shared content to meet the world’s appetite for on-demand news. NEWS IN SALFORD BBC Breakfast and Radio 5 live are broadcast from MediaCity UK, in Salford Quays, approximately two miles from Manchester city centre. Radio 5 live news employs about 130 journalists who produce some 75% of the network’s output, or about 130 hours a week. NEWS PROGRAMMES The department brings together all the major daily and weekly current affairs programmes, investigative journalism and major interview programmes, including Panorama, Today and Newsnight. The department also includes services focused on distinctive audiences, including BBC World Service news programmes such as Newshour and BBC Radio 1 news programmes such as Newsbeat. This is the home of much of the BBC’s original journalism and material is shared across news outlets to enrich content for as many audiences as possible. POLITICAL PROGRAMMES The political programmes department, based within a stone’s throw of the Palace of Westminster, reports on the decisions and activities of the UK government, MPs and peers. It makes and broadcasts programmes such as Today (and Yesterday) in Parliament on Radio 4, and BBC Two’s Daily and Sunday Politics as well as the BBC Parliament TV channel. It also provides a huge amount of material for BBC network TV and radio outlets, the BBC News website and regional TV and local radio. Elections – local, general and European – are covered by BBC Westminster. The political research unit provides background information and reliable statistics on parties, policies and polling, producing indispensable election guides which are studied and treasured by politics geeks and other staff across the corporation. NEWSGATHERING “Where do you get the news from?” is a question frequently asked by audiences and the answer is, for the most part, BBC newsgathering. Some news is scheduled and planners and staff, known as news organisers, are able to deploy in advance correspondents, producers, camera crews, and on occasion, the BBC helicopter. Even with advanced warning, meeting the demands of all the BBC outlets can present a challenge for reporters, who might face requests for a two-way – or live interview – in the first minutes of the Today programme just after 06:00, frequent appearances on the News Channel and network radio throughout the day, a piece for the website and a package for the Ten O’Clock TV bulletin, with an update for The World Tonight. Newsgathering, home and foreign, must also respond to unpredictable events such as murders, floods, transport crashes, earthquakes and wars and rumours of wars. It can be a dangerous calling. Foreign correspondents, producers, camera crews, fixers and translators frequently risk their lives to draw attention to the history of the world as it unfolds. GLOBAL NEWS BBC Global News includes the BBC World Service, BBC World News television, bbc.com/news (the BBC’s international-facing news site) and BBC Monitoring. The BBC’s international news services attract a global audience of 239 million in more than 200 countries and territories. Together they represent the voice and face of the corporation to the rest of the world. Residents of Nairobi, for example, are likely to regard as the face of the BBC the Ghanaian journalist Komla Dumor, presenter of Focus on Africa, the daily news programme focusing on African stories. BBC Global is increasingly working with partners to build audiences across the United States, Asia and Africa. AROUND THE UK BBC English Regions, part of the BBC News Group, is made up of 3,000 staff based from the Channel Islands in the south to the border with Scotland in the north. It is split into 12 regions, each broadcasting regional news programmes throughout the day along with weekly politics, current affairs and sport shows from their regional centres. Each region has up to six local radio stations and up to six BBC local websites. There are also teams working in bureaux in Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales to provide programming for their own national audiences as well as contributing to network news. The BBC’s 40 local radio stations reach more than seven million listeners across the UK. WEATHER The BBC weather centre produces forecasts for TV, radio, online, mobile and Red Button, in partnership with the Met Office. The BBC weather presenters are all trained broadcast meteorologists.15 September 2013Last updated at 23:09 GMT Thomas Flohr: The high-flying multi-millionaire By Will SmaleBusiness reporter, BBC News As international, multi-millionaire jetsetters go, Thomas Flohr certainly looks the part. With his tan, stubble, swept back hair, and jeans and jacket combination, he is the type of man you can picture stepping off a private plane after flying in from somewhere exotic. It is a pretty apt image because Mr Flohr owns a large fleet of private jets. The Swiss national is the founder, boss, and 100% owner of VistaJet, the world’s fastest-growing airline you have probably never heard of, and most probably can only dream of affording to use. Founded in 2004, VistaJet now has 35 planes, and is quickly adding to that number. Such is the demand for its services that earlier this year it signed the biggest deal in business aviation history – a $7.8bn (?4.9bn; 5.87bn euros) order for 56 jets, and options for 86 more, from Canada’s Bombardier. With claimed revenue growth of 26% a year, Mr Flohr highlights three underlying factors behind VistaJet’s success – it only uses the newest and most luxurious planes, it will fly to anywhere in the world no matter how remote, and it targets emerging economies such as China and India. “You have to trust your instincts,” he says. “I sensed that the [business jet] market was underserved, and I wanted to challenge the established players. I like a good David versus Goliath fight.” Long-distance jets For those of us unaccustomed to the rarefied world of private jets, the market is dominated by a handful of American providers who offer businesses the chance to invest in a fractional stake in a plane, which they then share. In addition, there are a great many smaller providers, who can rent you a plane per journey, with the deal most likely being done via a broker. Mr Flohr’s plan was to create a global brand that businesses, wealthy individuals, or even governments, could simply hire a plane directly from when they wanted it. There would be no complicated fractional deals or brokerages. “The fractional system only really operates in the US because that is the only country that offers tax breaks for it,” says Mr Flohr. “It makes no sense outside of America, and particularly in China. “Instead they just want to rent a plane, and they want the best possible quality. But if you do this via a broker, you often don’t know the level of quality, or otherwise, or age, of the plane that turns up.” So with VistaJet businesses go to it directly. And as its fleet contains Bombardier’s long range Global 6,000 planes, VistaJet can fly anywhere in the world. It also pledges to be able to fly to any airport with a sufficient runway, be it somewhere in the middle of nowhere in Siberia or Sub-Saharan Africa. “This really sets us apart,” says Mr Flohr. “We’ll go where our rivals don’t want to. If any oil executive needs to go to the back of beyond, we’ll get him there. “With the fractional guys, they don’t want their planes to do this because they want them to be readily available for the other part-owners.” ‘Risky move’ But as Mr Flohr continues with his ambitious growth plans for VistaJet, how does someone without an aviation background get into the private planes business? After studying business and politics at university in Munich, Germany, he made his fortune working in asset finance in his 20s and 30s. His job allowed him the use of private planes, and he started to question how the industry operated. So thinking he could do things better, he bought his first two planes. Mr Flohr says: “I had two jets and they were paying for themselves, so I went out in 2005 and took the biggest risk of my life – I bought three more aeroplanes. Thankfully I haven’t looked back from there.” VistaJet now has 170 pilots and carries out more than 10,000 flights per year, including flying to 136 different airports in Africa. “We have been greatly helped by the big growth in the emerging economies,” says Mr Flohr. “Even just five years ago, Indian businessmen didn’t use private planes, but now they do, the same in China. We are there to serve them, and business is very strong, in Russia too. The so called Bric nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) have helped us greatly.” He adds that VistaJet is also benefiting from a resurgence in Western firms wishing to hire his planes again, as their economies recover. Constant traveller Despite Mr Flohr’s job seeing him almost constantly travelling the world on VistaJet planes, he does not believe he lives a jet-set life. “I see all the travel as a necessity – I want to meet with my clients in person,” he says. And so in one average fortnight he flew from his base in Switzerland to China, Russia, the US, Mozambique, the UK and Italy. When he does get spare time, he likes to race go-karts, spend time with his daughter, and cook meals for friends. But what advice would he give would-be entrepreneurs? “Stop looking at social media websites, and instead work out what contribution you can make to the world, and go and do it,” he says. “Find your niche, find what you are good at, and focus on that. And be a good person along the way – if you try to take shortcuts it will just come back and haunt you.”4 October 2013Last updated at 23:51 GMT Thousands get set for Great Scottish Run in Glasgow Drivers are facing diversions and delays as thousands of runners take to the streets of Glasgow this weekend for the Great Scottish Run. Some of the world’s top athletes will be joining 24,000 club, charity and fun runners for Sunday’s 10K and half marathon events. Four junior and family races are being held in the city centre on Saturday. The Great Scottish Run was first held in 1982 with the 2012 event reaching a record high of 24,089 runners. Runners will go along some of the city’s most famous landmarks, iconic buildings and Commonwealth Games venues. Both the 10K and half marathon will start at George Square in the city centre and cross the Clyde before heading back to Glasgow Green. Road closures Half marathon participants will cross the Kingston Bridge to the city’s southside and Bellahouston Park before crossing the Squinty Bridge and running along the Clydeside Expressway and the Broomielaw to Glasgow Green. Those running in the 10K will also run along the Clydeside Expressway before crossing the Clyde at the Squinty Bridge then heading to Glasgow Green via the same bridge and the Broomielaw. The 10K begins at 09:30 on Sunday with the half marathon following at 11:00. Four junior and family runs will be held around George Square and the Merchant City from 09:45 on Saturday. A number of road closures will be in place over the weekend and diversions set up.The Mexican military has airlifted hundreds of tourists stranded in the flooded resort of Acapulco, after deadly storms hit eastern Tamaulipas state and western Guerrero state.But thousands remain trapped in the city and elsewhere and there are fears the death toll may rise as rescue teams reach remote areas. Tropical storms Ingrid and Manuel swamped large swathes of the country over the weekend, sparking landslides and causing rivers to overflow in several states.Will Grant reports.28 September 2013Last updated at 15:41 GMT Thousands take part in Belfast UVF commemoration parade Thousands of people have taken part in a parade to mark the centenary of the formation of the UVF in west Belfast. A century ago at Fernhill House in the Glencairn area, unionist leader Edward Carson inspected members of the west Belfast section of the Ulster Volunteer Force. More than 10,000 people took part in the march to Fernhill, making it one of the biggest parades of the year. Many of them were dressed in period costume. The parade was a re-enactment of one of the key events of the Home Rule crisis. Some of the drums played are 100 years old and were used at the event the parade is commemorating. The Ulster Volunteer Force was formed to resist plans to make Ireland self-governing, but many members went on to fight in the First World War. The parade was led by a horse-drawn carriage and also featured a vintage car which was used by the IRA in the early 20th century. Progressive Unionist Party leader Billy Hutchinson read extracts of Carson’s speech as part of the event.24 September 2013Last updated at 08:48 GMT Thousands visit Gromit statue show in Bristol More than 25,000 people visited an exhibition of Gromit statues in Bristol, organisers said. The show featured all 81 of the models, which were on the streets of Bristol during the summer. It had originally been planned to last five days and close on Sunday but ran for an extra day to cope with the “extraordinary demand”. The Gromits are due to be auctioned on 3 October to raise money for Bristol’s Children’s Hospital. The auction will be hosted by Sotheby’s auctioneer and TV antiques presenter Tim Wonnacott, in The Mall pavilion at Cribbs Causeway shopping centre. Huge queues of Wallace and Gromit fans waited up to eight hours outside the venue for the show, in Queen’s Road at the weekend. The statues of Aardman Animation’s much-loved canine creation, decorated by well-known celebrities and artists, made up an arts trail across the city. The exhibition, which was originally intended to take place at the Royal West of England Academy in Clifton, Bristol, was moved to the nearby former Habitat store to cope with the expected numbers.18 December 2012Last updated at 01:10 GMT Three faces of the new Tunisia It is two years since protests began in Tunisia after Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire outside local government offices in the central town of Sidi Bouzid – the act that sparked the Arab Spring. His death prompted a nationwide uprising that led to the overthrow of President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, and hopes of a fairer Tunisia. But two years later, unemployment is even higher than at the time of the uprising, and during recent demonstrations in the town of Siliana, police opened fire on protesters with birdshot. The BBC’s Imogen Foulkes has talked to three very different Tunisians about their hopes and fears. Mahjoub El Harbaoui, local government worker from Siliana It was a peaceful demonstration, a legal demonstration. We were making legitimate demands for jobs and better services. Our province has been neglected economically, and our local governor isn’t helping. We marched from the trade union offices to the governor’s house, but we weren’t asking to replace him. We wanted to ask for investment in our region, I mean, if we can’t speak to our own governor about that kind of thing, who can we speak to? But we were answered with “cartouches” (birdshot). I got shot in the eye, and I don’t know if I will keep the sight in this eye now. I have had an operation, the doctors here are doing their best, but I just don’t know. I can’t believe this happened, I’m not a “casseur” (hooligan). I was demonstrating peacefully. I am 46 and I have two very young daughters. If I lose my sight I might not be able to work. Siliana is a region that’s always been forgotten in Tunisia, and now the economic situation is even worse. There is a feeling that we are just not paid attention to, that no-one cares about our problems here, that no-one really respects us. It’s as if we just don’t count, as if we are not a factor in any one’s equation. And I think you can say that about a lot of Tunisia now. Sonia El Ghoul, police trainer in Tunis I trained originally as a lawyer, but then I took the police examinations as well. I won a competition to get into police officer training. Now I am a superintendent. I am very happy in my job right now, the fact that we are in transition makes it a real challenge. We know we are working to change things and that motivates us. Such things [the shootings in Siliana] can happen anywhere, but it should be a lesson to us and to the people too. It’s true that at the moment we don’t have a lot of trust from the people, but we are trying, every day, just with little things, to build up confidence. Just the way we talk to people, for example, can help to build up trust. After all, we are dealing with the public every day, so it is important that every police officer knows what human rights are. He or she needs to know that having the confidence of the public is a must – in that respect we do need to change mentalities, of our officers, and of the public. But police officers are people too. There are good ones and bad ones, just like everywhere else. There have been big changes in the last two years, but the biggest is that we have the freedom to say what we think. And there is more respect for the other person’s point of view. For the police, it means we discuss things a lot more than we did in the past. We talk about the law, how we must stay within the law, and we can question our superiors. I am an optimist, yes, I am positive about the future. Things are changing in Tunisia every day and, of course, there are difficulties, but I think we will succeed. Tarek Cheniti, UN human rights officer I’m Tunisian, but I was working and studying in the UK when the uprising first began. And I had a fellowship to the United States, but instead I went back and joined the uprising. So I took part in the events that led to the collapse of the Ben Ali regime, and that had a tremendous impact on me personally because I saw men and women getting together to claim their rights and do so in a peaceful way – that’s why I took the job I have now. We can make a difference. We can highlight the situation of particular groups of people who might be at risk, the situation of rural women for example, or religious minorities, or indeed any minority. You can talk about all these things in Tunisia now, some of these topics were taboo under the Ben Ali regime, which used to project the image of a progressive and modern political regime but it wasn’t the case. So this is a window of opportunity in Tunisia. With Siliana, in a way the events there almost make me hopeful for the future because it was a demonstration against decisions taken in unaccountable ways. People protested against the governor whom they thought did not represent them and that movement was extremely peaceful. At one point they even left the town, and left him alone in the governor’s residence, as a way of telling him he did not represent them properly. Things like this are very normal in democratic transitions, and they have to happen. I would be worried if there were no protests. But it’s important for the police to recognise that the kind of force they used in Siliana is never an option. So we are working on changing laws, and on changing attitudes. It will take time, but it will happen.20 March 2013Last updated at 15:34 GMT Three-person IVF moves closer in UK By James GallagherHealth and science reporter, BBC News The UK has moved closer to becoming the first country to allow the creation of babies from three people. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has advised the government that there is no evidence the advanced forms of IVF were unsafe. The fertility regulator’s public consultation also showed “general support” for the idea as the benefits outweighed the risks. A final decision on whether to press ahead rests with ministers. If the techniques were approved it could help a handful of families each year. Around one in 6,500 children develop serious “mitochondrial disorders” which are debilitating and fatal. Research suggests that using mitochondria from a donor egg can prevent the diseases. However, it would result in babies having DNA from two parents and a tiny amount from a third donor. Concerns have been raised both about the safety and the ethics of creating such babies. The results of a public consultation at the end of 2012 showed there was support for the idea. Prof Neva Haites, who was on the expert panel supervising the consultation, said: “Broadly speaking the public was in favour of these novel techniques being translated into treatments. “They felt that any ethical concerns were outweighed by potential benefits.” One of the main issues raised was of a “slippery slope” which could lead to other forms of genetic modification. ‘Power stations’ Mitochondria are the tiny biological power stations that give energy to nearly every cell of the body. Defects can leave the body starved of energy, resulting in muscle weakness, blindness, heart failure and death in the most extreme cases. The cigar-shaped mitochondria are passed only from mother to child. A father does not pass on his mitochondria through his sperm. Scientists have devised two techniques that allow them to take the genetic information from the mother and place it into the egg of a donor with healthy mitochondria. It is like taking two fried eggs and switching the yolks. How would it work? The result is a baby with genetic information from three people, as mitochondria have their own genes in their own DNA. The implications are not just for the couple and the child. If the therapy was performed it would have ramifications through the generations as scientists would be altering human genetic inheritance. ‘Recommendations’ The HFEA has advised that any changes to the law should be only for the modification of mitochondria to overcome serious diseases and that there should still be a ban on changes to the main nuclear DNA, which contains the vast majority of a person’s genetic code. It also recommended continuing research and that any children born through these techniques, and possible the children’s children, be monitored closely. There was vigorous discussion at the HFEA Open Meeting, where the advice to ministers was agreed, around issues of identification. In sperm and egg donation the donor is identified. The meeting agreed to advise ministers that there should be no right for the child to know the identity of the donor, however, the HFEA will tell ministers that public opinion was mixed. Mr Hossam Abdalla, clinical director of the Lister Fertility Clinic in London, told the meeting: “If a child wants to know about that, why are we so restrictive… why are we telling them we they can’t have this access?” ‘Astounded’ Prof Lisa Jardine, chairwoman of the HFEA, said the UK was in one of the most advanced positions in the world. “Other countries are astounded that we’re this far on in the discussions,” she said. However, she pointed out the techniques would be used only for mitochondrial disorders: “This is not a Rubicon or a slippery slope.” One of the pioneers of the field, Prof Doug Turnbull, from Newcastle University, said: “The techniques we are working on could help hundreds of women have healthy children.” He said more research was required, but it was now “crucial” that the government approved the techniques in the UK. The Department of Health said mitochondrial diseases could have a “devastating impact” on families and it would consider the HFEA’s advice. Making three-person IVF legal would not require a new act of Parliament, but would require a vote in both the Commons and the Lords. Speaking after the meeting Dr David King, the director of Human Genetics Alert, said: “Historians of the future will point to this as the moment when technocrats crossed the crucial line, the decision that led inexorably to the disaster of genetically engineered babies and consumer eugenics. “This was the moment at which they casually tossed the bioethical consensus of the last 30 years into the trash. And for what? “Not so mothers could avoid having sick babies, because they could do that already, through egg donation. It was so that a few dozen mothers who insisted they must be genetically related to their child could be satisfied.”13 August 2013Last updated at 11:35 GMT Tibet profile Tibet, the remote and mainly-Buddhist territory known as the “roof of the world”, is governed as an autonomous region of China. Beijing claims a centuries-old sovereignty over the Himalayan region. But the allegiances of many Tibetans lie with the exiled spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, seen by his followers as a living god, but by China as a separatist threat. International attention was focused on the territory in 2008 during the run-up to the Beijing Olympics. Fatal clashes between anti-Chinese protesters and the authorities in Tibet were given wide publicity and the torch relay in London, Paris and San Francisco was dogged by pro-Tibet protests and stunts. Tibet has had a tumultuous history, during which it has spent some periods functioning as an independent entity and others ruled by powerful Chinese and Mongolian dynasties. China sent in thousands of troops to enforce its claim on the region in 1950. Some areas became the Tibetan Autonomous Region and others were incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces. In 1959, after a failed anti-Chinese uprising, the 14th Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up a government in exile in India. Most of Tibet’s monasteries were destroyed in the 1960s and 1970s during China’s Cultural Revolution. Thousands of Tibetans are believed to have been killed during periods of repression and martial law. China accused of repression Under international pressure, China eased its grip on Tibet in the 1980s, introducing “Open Door” reforms and boosting investment. Beijing says Tibet has developed considerably under its rule. But rights groups say China continues to violate human rights, accusing Beijing of political and religious repression. Beijing denies any abuses. Tourism and the ongoing modernisation drive stand in contrast to Tibet’s former isolation. But Beijing’s critics say Tibetans have little say in building their future. China says a new railway link between Lhasa and the western Chinese province of Qinghai will boost economic expansion. The link is likely to increase the influx of Chinese migrants. ‘Reincarnation’ Buddhism reached Tibet in the seventh century. The Dalai Lama, or Ocean of Wisdom, is the leading spiritual figure; the Panchen Lama is the second most important figure. Both are seen as the reincarnations of their predecessors. The selection of a Dalai Lama and a Panchen Lama has traditionally followed a strict process. But the Dalai Lama and Beijing are at odds over the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama, having identified different youngsters for the role. The Dalai Lama’s choice, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, has not been seen since his detention by the Chinese authorities in 1995. There have been intermittent and indirect contacts between China and the Dalai Lama. The exiled spiritual leader advocates a non-violent, negotiated solution to the Tibet problem and accepts the notion of real autonomy for Tibet under Chinese sovereignty. China has questioned his claims that he does not seek independence. China has also accused the Dalai Lama of inciting the dozens of self-immolations that since 2009 have taken place among Tibetans opposed to Chinese rule. He rejects this and has questioned the effectiveness of such protests. Tibet’s economy depends largely on agriculture. Forests and grasslands occupy large parts of the country. The territory is rich in minerals, but poor transport links have limited their exploitation. Tourism is an important revenue earner.30 October 2012Last updated at 08:06 GMT Time to heal: The materials that repair themselves By Paul RinconScience editor, BBC News website At some point in the near future you’ll wear out those running shoes, break that squash racket, drop your smartphone and crack the screen. They will need to be replaced – at a cost. But what if we made things from materials that can heal themselves – like a plant or animal heals a wound? According to experts, the first products with truly self-healing properties may be just around the corner. Serious proposals for this technology go back at least as far as the 1960s, when Soviet researchers published theory papers on the topic. led by Scott White from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, that really helped to kick-start the field. The group infused a plastic-like polymer with microscopic capsules containing a liquid healing agent. Cracking open the material caused the capsules to rupture, releasing the healing agent. When the agent made contact with a catalyst embedded in the material, a chemical reaction bonded the two faces of the crack together. The polymer recovered some 75% of its original toughness. In the last decade, the team has developed and refined its capsule-based systems, recently demonstrating an electrical circuit that . Microcapsules in the gold circuit released liquid metal in response to damage, swiftly restoring electrical conductivity, and bringing self-repairing electronic chips a step closer. Co-author Dr Benjamin Blaiszik, now at Argonne National Laboratory, explained that the self-healing circuitry could find uses in a military setting where it would be exposed to extreme stresses or in long-term space applications. He adds: “Imagine if there is a mechanical failure of a microchip on the Curiosity rover, due to thermomechanical stresses, or if there had been an interconnect failure during the landing phase. There is obviously no way to manually repair nor replace the probe.” The Illinois group is already commercialising their work via a spin-out company, , which has raised about $4m (?2.4m) of investment. Its chief executive, Joe Giuliani, told me the first applications of microcapsule systems are likely to be in coatings, paints and adhesives for environments where corrosion poses a challenge. “Worldwide, corrosion costs over $500bn (?312bn) a year, so it’s a huge problem,” he told BBC News. Oil and gas is a key area. Re-healable products are likely to find uses on platforms – where the ability to heal drilling parts would be highly desirable – in pipelines and in refineries. They would potentially last several years longer than their conventional counterparts, lengthening the periods between maintenance. “Over the life of that asset, there would be huge savings,” says Giuliani. “It is out of commission for a lot less time too, which in the oil and gas business is huge. It can cost them $500,000 (?312,000) or $1m (?624,000) a day if an asset is out of service.” Military vehicles, cars and ships are other targets for self-healing coatings. The firm has about 30 products in testing and development and expects to fulfil its first commercial orders in the next six months. Some manufacturers might not welcome the idea of products that last years longer than usual. But paint and coatings producers “know they can get more per gallon of paint they’re selling,” says Mr Giuliani, “the customers have shown us they’re willing to pay the up-charge.” Scott White, from Illinois University’s Beckman Institute, says that healing structural damage in sports equipment or aircraft components, for example, represents a “mid-term target” for scientists. He told BBC News that the whole area of self-healing has seen an explosion of interest in the last decade, with some 200 academic papers published on the topic last year alone. And scientists are working on everything from re-healable polymers and composites (materials made from two or more different ones) to self-repairing metals and ceramics. Since 2001, two new approaches have joined microcapsules as approaches to self-repair. Taking the circulatory system as their inspiration, vascular methods rely on a network of channels (like capillaries, veins and arteries) within the material to deliver healing agent to the site of damage. Intrinsic systems, meanwhile, exploit the reversible nature of certain chemical bonds to incorporate healing abilities directly into the material. Each of the three approaches has advantages and limitations that come into play when considering applications. Microcapsules are finite: as they get used up, the material loses its healing properties. And intrinsic systems need a stimulus – such as heat or light – to trigger healing, which can be good or bad depending on the application. If the amount of damage is microscopic, capsule-based or intrinsic systems may be the best option. But, says Prof White, “if it’s a large damaged volume, then neither of those approaches are going to work and you have to go with a vascular-based system”. This is because they allow large amounts of healing agent to be transported to the breached area. But the sheer complexity of vascular networks presents a daunting challenge. Self-healing systems Prof Ian Bond and his colleague Dr Richard Trask at Bristol University are developing vascular networks based on hollow fibres that transmit healing agent through polymer composite materials. “A self-healing aeroplane is the idea,” Prof Bond tells me. The composite materials extensively used in the structural elements of aircraft “are inherently damage prone”, says Prof Bond, adding: “You often can’t see it even though it can have a serious knock-down effect on performance.” The Bristol team is targeting known areas of stress build-up inside the skin of a plane. “Self-healing in those sorts of areas is potentially very attractive because you know you’re going to get cracks there,” he explains. The challenge is likely to be in convincing aviation authorities of the technology’s value and safety. So Prof Bond is working to overcome some of the hurdles facing vascular systems. The step up from microcapsules to a network in two or three dimensions, for example, presents a significant manufacturing challenge. Fluid flow – getting the healing agent through the material – represents another problem. Then there is the issue of controlling when healing happens. “If you think of blood, it doesn’t clot until it’s outside the vessel,” he says. “You want something like that, because the danger with simple chemistries is that the whole network, once healing has been triggered, will just solidify.” Despite this, says Scott White, vascular networks offer exceptional healing efficiency and vast possibilities. “In some of the laboratory tests we’ve done, we’ve been able to show we could heal something 15, 20, 30 times in a row,” he says. Prof Stuart Rowan at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, has developed a polymer-based material that in response to an intense beam of ultraviolet light. He says: “What you can imagine is essentially a paint coating on your car that you can heal whenever someone has rubbed a key down the side of it.” Unlike conventional polymers, which are composed of long, chain-like molecules, this material (an example of an intrinsic system) is composed of smaller molecules. They are assembled into chains with metal ions acting as “glue” between them. UV light causes these bonds to weaken, turning the solid into a liquid. When the light is switched off, the material quickly solidifies. Prof Rowan told BBC News: “Having proved the concept, we are working on the next generation of films that utilise such concepts for photohealing but where the materials exhibit better properties better designed for a specific application.” Meanwhile, Henk Jonkers and Erik Schlangen at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) in the Netherlands want to bring self-repair to the world’s most used building material: concrete. Concrete has a serious flaw: it is prone to cracks. Small cracks are a routine outcome of concrete hardening. But over time water and chemicals get inside the fractures and corrode the concrete. developed at TU Delft could improve the service life of the structure – promising considerable cost savings. Harmless calcite-producing bacteria, along with nutrients, are embedded in the concrete mixture. When water activates the dormant spores, the microbes feed on the nutrients to produce limestone, patching up cracks and small holes. Longer-term, Scott White envisages materials that respond in a more complex way to damage or wear, renewing themselves over their lifetimes, in much the way that bones do. Self-healing provides a case study in the way that biological systems can drive advances in materials, but Ian Bond says: “There’s a lot more we could do with what we have?? the way we currently make composites is with flat layers and fibres all pointing in the same direction – it’s that simple. “We’re only beginning to understand how nature does what it does with such basic materials.”17 August 2013Last updated at 14:57 GMT Timeline: Pro-Morsi protests Once again the Egyptian capital Cairo is seeing bloody clashes between security forces and anti-government protesters. This week’s bloodshed is the culmination of weeks of tension at the sites of two sit-in protests mounted by the Muslim Brotherhood of ousted President Mohammed Morsi. Mr Morsi was deposed by the army on 3 July after mass protests against him. 16 August The Muslim Brotherhood calls for a “day of anger” following Friday prayers in response to the bloodshed two days earlier. The focal point for protests is Cairo’s Ramses Square. The demonstrations quickly turn violent, with fierce street battles between Morsi supporters and plainclothes police and armed neighbourhood vigilantes who support the military government. Many of the dead and injured are taken to al-Fath mosque, near Ramses Square, which becomes a makeshift field hospital. The Egyptian government says 173 people have died as a result of the day’s events. Over 1,000 Muslim Brotherhood members are arrested, and weapons confiscated, according to the interior ministry. 14 August Security forces move in in the early morning on the two sit-in protests where Morsi supporters had been camped out for six weeks. Tear gas is used and gunfire is heard. Armoured bulldozers are used to dismantle the camps. More than 600 people are killed in the operation, authorities say – the Muslim Brotherhood puts the death toll at more than 2,000. Clashes spread to other Egyptian cities, with reports of attacks on churches and against government buildings. The presidency announces a month-long state of emergency. Vice-President Mohamed ElBaradei announces his resignation from the interim government. 11 August Security forces threaten to clear sit-ins. A security official tells BBC Arabic the authorities had hoped the announcement to disperse them would encourage protesters to leave. However, the number of people at the sites increases and the operation is postponed. 27 July More bloody clashes between security forces and pro-Morsi protesters at the Rabaa al-Adawiya sit-in. Doctors estimate that more than 100 people were killed, but the health ministry puts the death toll at 65. Mr Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood blames the military for the deaths, accusing soldiers of shooting to kill. The government has denied this, insisting security forces only used tear gas, not live rounds. But a BBC correspondent in Cairo says the government claim appears to be untrue, given the severity and number of injuries. The Egyptian interior minister warns protesters they will “soon” be dispersed from Rabaa. 8 July At least 51 people die in clashes between pro-Morsi protesters and security forces near the Presidential Guard, where his supporters suspected he was being held. The Muslim Brotherhood said the army raided its sit-in at about 04:00 (02:00 GMT) as protesters were praying, and said that children were among the victims. 4 July Pro-Morsi protesters gather at the Rabaa al-Adawiya mosque in the eastern suburb of Medinat Nasr and Nahda Square near Cairo University to the the west. Mr Morsi and several other high-profile Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested. 3 July President Mohammed Morsi is deposed by Egypt’s military after mass protests against him. The military suspends the constitution. A coalition of Islamist parties calls for mass demonstrations to denounce the army’s actions.14 January 2011Last updated at 13:05 GMT Timeline: Silvio Berlusconi’s political career Italy’s pugnacious Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi has enjoyed a long political life marked by dazzling highs – and scandalous lows. He was born in 1936, and in the decades before entering politics established a successful business career – first in housing construction and then building an empire of media and corporate interests. Despite being dogged by corruption allegations, verbal gaffes and accusations of affairs with women decades younger than him, Mr Berlusconi has demonstrated remarkable political longevity in a country known for its fractured politics and short-lived governments. January 2011 The Constitutional Court rules that immunity from prosecution enjoyed by Mr Berlusconi as a serving prime minister is not automatic. After a 13 January meeting, the court says individual judges should be allowed to decide whether immunity can be invoked. In an unrelated move the following day, prosecutors announce they are investigating the prime minister for abuse of power over claims that he leaned on police to try to have a 17-year-old nightclub dancer freed from police custody. Reports say the allegations include one involving underage prostitution. Mr Berlusconi’s lawyers dismiss the claims as “absurd a

“It’s been a fantastic year for the Dambusters, with the anniversary this year,” says the modern-day heir to Guy Gibson, Wing Commander David Arthurton. “Reflecting on the events of 70 years ago, the whole squadron recognises the spirit and the ethos that was forged back then.” He does not own a Labrador – unlike Wing Commander Gibson, whose dog was famously portrayed in the 1955 film – but is otherwise very much in the mould of his predecessors in his calm, unassuming demeanour. “We’ve carried that ethos through to today and we’ll be taking it with us on operations in Afghanistan,” he says. Afghan cold This week, he and the 180 or so men and women of the squadron are bringing together all their pre-deployment training at their windswept base. The rain and cloud of this October day may well be replicated in the sometimes bitterly cold Afghan winter at Kandahar airbase, where many in the squadron have already served on previous tours of duty. The mission rehearsal today is a realistic one for Tornado pilot Flight Lieutenant Al Spence, who at 29 is already a veteran of Afghanistan. As part of the exercise, he runs to the aircraft to fly in aid of coalition and Afghan troops on the ground needing close air support. This will be his third tour of duty in Afghanistan before he takes up a new role as a trainer. “The challenge for us in flying during a winter tour of Afghanistan is that unlike in the summer, where we have crystal-clear blue skies and no real weather to worry about, we’ll be battling rain, icing, snow, and it will make the tasking more difficult and the recovery to the airfield more challenging,” he says. So is he looking forward to the deployment? “In a strange way, yes I am,” he smiles. Flying with him as navigator, or weapons systems officer in the back of the Tornado, Fl Lt Alex Lock, 28, will be on his first operational tour of Afghanistan. “I’m glad I’m deploying with this squadron. It’s a real honour and a privilege,” he says. “My family have come to terms with it and it’s not been a rushed decision so they’ve seen this on the horizon for the last few years.” During their final mission rehearsal exercise today, the Scottish skies and the waters of the Moray Firth stand in for the mountains and valleys of Afghanistan – where 617 Squadron will be called on to support Nato and Afghan troops, still under fire even as the Nato combat mission draws to a close by the end of 2014. At 45, Fl Lt Ian Abson is the squadron’s most experienced navigator. He last served in Afghanistan on exchange, flying with the French, and will again leave his wife and two children back at home. “I’ve done it before, so I’m not that tense about it,” he says. “It’s probably just as difficult as ever for the family, because invariably it’s the families who never get a mention, but they’re the ones who are left back at home and managing things, while we jet off and do our thing.” Seventy years ago this March, the Dambusters took to the skies to help turn the tide of war. On this winter tour of duty, they’ll fly together for the last time – before they’re disbanded next spring. But in 2016, the squadron will rise again with the new Joint Strike Fighter jet – as the Tornados slowly take their place in RAF history.16 May 2013Last updated at 09:38 GMT Dambusters raid: Retrace the daring journey The hand-coloured map above is from the official June 1943 British Air Ministry report on the Dambusters raid. The letters on the map represent the call signs for the planes that made it to the targets in Germany’s Ruhr valley. The routes show how they reached the dams and how they returned. The location of the planes that crashed is approximate. When they crashed it was common for all the men to be killed. You can read live-tweets of the original wireless telegraphy signals sent back by the Dambusters to RAF Scampton on twitter Production: John Walton, Bella Hurrell, Steven Atherton, Helene Sears Photos and map courtesy of1 October 2013Last updated at 01:04 GMT Danny Dyer to take over EastEnders’ Queen Vic Actor Danny Dyer is to become the new landlord of the Queen Vic, when he joins EastEnders at Christmas. The 36-year-old, who is often typecast in “hard man” roles, will play Mick Carter, brother to Shirley Carter (Linda Henry). Mick is described as a “bloke’s bloke” with a soft heart. He will be joined behind the bar by his wife Linda, played by actress Kellie Bright. “I’m so excited about starting a new chapter in my career,” said Dyer. “I cannot wait to become part of the East End family.” The actor is a real-life East end boy, born in Canning Town in 1977. As a teenager, he was talent-spotted at his Sunday School by an agent who put him forward for a role alongside Helen Mirren in Prime Suspect 3. His role as a conflicted football hooligan in 2004′s The Football Factory won critical acclaim, but he has also been mocked for low-rent movies like Doghouse, in which he fought off a group of man-hating female zombie cannibals. “Danny Dyer has become the byword for low-budget, no-quality Brit-trash cinema,” in 2010, “but beneath the cockney swagger there’s a decent actor struggling to get out”. Indeed, he starred in two Harold Pinter plays early in his career, striking up a lasting friendship with the enigmatic playwright. EastEnders’ executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins said he was looking forward to the arrival of Mick and Linda Carter in the soap’s infamous public house. “I’m so excited to have actors of Danny and Kellie’s calibre joining what is an already strong and talented company of actors,” he said in a statement. “Having been together over 20 years, Mick and Linda have a good marriage and an easy shorthand with each other – but can also still fight like teenagers. “They will laugh, cry, argue and make-up… much to the embarrassment of their children and the delight of Albert Square’s residents.” Dyer had previously discussed a role on Albert Square in 2009, but decided against it. “I quite liked the idea,” he said at the time, “but actually, in reality, I just got cold feet. “Just from having a meeting, it’s all over the newspapers and it gave me the horrors. Imagine if I went in it?” It has already been revealed that former This Life and Holby City star Luisa Bradshaw-White is to join the EastEnders cast as Tina Carter, another of Shirley’s siblings.27 January 2012Last updated at 12:58 GMT Dark Sky Observatory work under way in Dalmellington Work is under way on a Dark Sky Observatory at the Galloway Forest Park in south west Scotland. Enterprise Minister Fergus Ewing took part in the groundbreaking ceremony at Dalmellington in Ayrshire. The new facility, which has received ?94,000 in funding from the Scottish government, will be used by schools, colleges and universities. Ministers said they also hoped to capitalise on the recent popularity of the BBC’s Stargazing Live programme. The Galloway Forest Park straddles the regions of East Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. It received Dark Sky Park recognition in 2009, and is the only such site in Britain. The new observatory, costing almost ?700,000 in total, aims to build on the park’s status and will offer visitors a chance to observe the Northern Lights, the Milky Way, planets, comets and shooting stars. Mr Ewing said: “Scotland has made an immense contribution to shaping the modern world through science and research excellence, and this new observatory builds on our reputation as a hotbed of innovation and ideas. “The creation of a state-of-the-art, first of its kind in Britain, observatory will attract stargazers and astronomers from near and far. “The Galloway Forest Park area enjoys some of the darkest skies in the world and this new facility will showcase the area’s stunning natural scenery and resources to attract new visitors and investment to Ayrshire.” Observatory manager Cath Seeds said it had taken two years to “generate the enthusiasm and raise funds for this project”. She paid tribute to the wide range of organisations funding the scheme. “Often, the science can feel overwhelming, so we want the observatory to break down these barriers by bringing together astronomy, nocturnal natural history and arts and crafts inspired by the night sky,” she said. “We also want to play a key role in the future development of this area. “Great things are occurring and great talent is abundant. “Our role is to improve science in our community, whether by inspiring the next generation of scientists or providing the spark needed by an inventor to produce something truly remarkable.” Depute leader of East Ayrshire Council, Iain Linton, said it would be a “huge asset” to the area. “It will hopefully attract not only local visitors, but many tourists and keen stargazers from around the world who I’m sure will be extremely impressed with the new facility,” he said. “This in turn will act as a catalyst for the regeneration of the area and will really put East Ayrshire on the map.”13 December 2010Last updated at 18:09 GMT Database shows how bees see world in UV By Neil BowdlerScience reporter, BBC News Researchers are being offered a glimpse of how bees may see flowers in all their ultra-violet (UV) glory. The was created by researchers at Imperial College London and Queen Mary, University of London. It enables researchers to “see” plant colours through the eyes of bees and other pollinating insects. Bees have different colour detection systems from humans, and can see in the UV spectrum. Details of the free database are published in the open-access journal . “This research highlights that the world we see is not the physical or the ‘real’ world – different animals have very different senses, depending on the environment the animals operate in,” said Professor Lars Chittka from Queen Mary’s School of Biological and Chemical Sciences. “Much of the coloured world that’s accessible to bees and other animals with UV receptors is entirely invisible for us. In order to see that invisible part of the world, we need this special machinery.” The researchers collected what’s called “spectroreflective” measurements of the petals and leaves of a large number of different plants. These measurements show the colour of plants across both the visible and invisible spectrum. Users of the database can then calculate how these plants appear to different pollinating insects, based on studies of what different parts of the spectrum different species see. Scientists have inferred what colours insects see by inserting microelectrodes into their photoreceptors, and by using less invasive behavioural studies. Seeing the world as insects may see it can reveal “landing strips” which are invisible to the human eye. These act to guide insects to the nectar they feed on. These landing strips might take the form of concentric circles of colour or dots. “Quite often, you will find in radial symmetrical patterns that there is a central area which is differently coloured. In other flowers there are also dots in the centre which indicate where there is basically an orifice for the bee to put in its tongue to extract the goods.” Greenhouse use But what is the point of such a tool beyond giving researchers an insect’s view? Professor Chittka says seeing these invisible colours may have commercial applications in the greenhouse and beyond. “Every third bite that you consume at the dinner table is the result of insect pollinators’ work. In order to utilise insects for commercial pollination purposes, we need to understand how insects see flowers. “We need to understand what kind of a light climate we need to generate in commercial glass houses to facilitate detection of flowers by bees.” Co-author Professor Vincent Savolainen, from Imperial College London, says the database also offers us new perspectives on how plant colour evolved. “We hope this work can help biologists understand how plants have evolved in different habitats, from biodiversity hotspots in South Africa to the cold habitats of northern Europe,” he says. “FReD’s global records may show how flower colour could have changed over time, and how this relates to the different insects that pollinate them, and other factors in their local environment.”30 September 2013Last updated at 14:04 GMT Date set for Popes John Paul II and John XXIII sainthood Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII will be declared saints on 27 April 2014, Pope Francis has announced. The Pope said in July that he would canonise his two predecessors, after approving a second miracle attributed to John Paul. Polish John Paul, the first non-Italian pope for more than 400 years, led the Catholic Church from 1978-2005. Pope John was pontiff from 1958-1963, calling the Second Vatican Council that transformed the Church. The decision to canonise the two at the same time appears designed to unify Catholics, correspondents say. John Paul II is a favourite of conservative Catholics, while John XXIII is widely admired by the Church’s progressive wing. ‘The good pope’ John Paul stood out for his media-friendly, globetrotting style. He was a fierce critic of communism, and is credited with helping inspire opposition to communist rule in eastern Europe. John Paul has been on a fast track to sainthood since his death, when crowds in St Peter’s Square chanted “santo subito” (“sainthood now”). During his own papacy he simplified the process by which people are made saints, and created more of them than all previous popes combined. John XXIII is remembered for introducing the vernacular to replace Latin in church masses and for creating warmer ties between the Catholic Church and the Jewish faith. He has a big following in Italy, where he is known as Il Papa Buono, the good pope. The BBC’s David Willey reports from Rome that Pope John was in many ways similar to Pope Francis, a humble, down-to-earth man with a fine sense of humour. Two living popes are expected to be present at the canonisation ceremony: Francis, who will officiate, and Pope Benedict, who retired earlier this year. The double canonisation will be the first in the Church’s history. Miracles Two miracles have been officially attributed to Pope John Paul II – the number usually needed for canonisation. The first miracle was the apparent curing of a 49-year-old French nun, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre Normand. She had been diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease, the same malady which afflicted the pope himself in his later years. The second miracle came on the day of John Paul II’s beatification by his successor, Pope Benedict XVI. A Costa Rican woman reportedly made an “inexplicable recovery” from a serious brain illness, and the only explanation was believed to be the fact that her family had prayed for John Paul II’s intercession. Pope John XXIII was beatified by John Paul II in 2000, and Pope Francis took the unusual step of waiving the requirement of a second miracle in his case.11 September 2013Last updated at 12:06 GMT Daunting task of destroying Syria’s chemical weapons By Jonathan MarcusBBC defence correspondent The Syrian government’s acknowledgement that it has a chemical weapons stockpile and is now, apparently, willing to destroy it under international supervision provides – at face value – a tantalising “win-win” option for US President Barack Obama. The Russian-brokered deal holds out the possibility of destroying Syria’s chemical weapons stocks in their entirety, while at the same time avoiding any US military action. But appearances can be deceptive. The proposal raises an array of legal, technical and practical problems. Dismantling Syria’s chemical weapons infrastructure would take considerable time – even under the best of circumstances, and the situation on the ground in Syria is very far from being a benign environment. The broad procedures for setting about such a task are well-defined and tested. The body that would most likely take on a key role is the Hague-based Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons – the OPCW. This is the implementing authority for the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the development, production, stockpiling and use of these weapons. Six of its staff members were involved with the UN-inspection team that has already been on the ground in Syria and the organisation’s director general, Ahmet Uzumcu, says that his organisation stands ready to play a role if requested by the UN. Legal framework The exact process by which any Syrian disarmament initiative would get under way is for now unclear. Would it require a decision of the UN Security Council or the UN secretary general? Would Syria simply join the Chemical Weapons Convention? Time is of the essence – some special interim arrangement might well be needed, but inspectors on the ground would clearly need some legal framework within which they would be working. But the diplomatic and legal difficulties pale in comparison to the practical problems involved. In a nutshell, what has to happen is that: Libya provides an example of a country that made a sudden decision to abandon its chemical stockpile, sign-up to the CW Convention and then set about the process of dismantling and destruction. In broad terms things went relatively smoothly, though progress was interrupted and ultimately delayed for months by the war that ousted Col Muammar Gaddafi – causing shortages of spare parts for the plant and the trashing of living quarters for inspectors and so on. Unprecedented Some useful lessons were learnt. But fundamentally Syria presents very different and unprecedented problems. For the OPCW and the international community as a whole, this would be a leap into the unknown. First, the scale of the problem. Syria has probably the largest active chemical munitions stockpile in the world. Intelligence provided by the French government suggests there is something in the order of 1,000 tonnes of agent in total: a mix of sulphur mustard, VX and sarin. US sources suggest that there are at least 20 sites of interest – possibly considerably more. Some, like a plant near Safira in northern Syria, are very close to contested areas. The context in Syria is far from benign. A full-scale civil war is raging. There are groups who would love to get their hands on chemical stocks and who would have no interest in making the international community’s disarmament effort go smoothly. Then there is the nature of the Syrian regime itself: secretive, in many ways fighting for its survival. Access For Syria to sign up on the dotted line is relatively easy. The instrument of accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention needs to be signed – probably by President Bashar al-Assad himself; it is then deposited and some 30 days later Syria is a fully-fledged member of the treaty. But then the whole declaration, verification and inspection process begins. That could take months, raising all sorts of questions. How far can the Assad regime’s declarations be trusted? Would they provide full access to facilities and stockpiles? What about access to any other sites that intelligence suggested were linked to the chemical programme? And who would guarantee the safety of inspectors? The problems are immense. This even before the gathering of munitions in secure locations or any thoughts of actual destruction. This proposed deal, in the words of one leading weapons expert, is “deceptively attractive”. It may just get President Obama off a hook of his own making: if it genuinely pushes Syria down the road towards verifiable chemical disarmament it will help to establish a powerful precedent, that “you use chemical weapons and you lose them”. Mr Obama is no doubt hoping that a serious diplomatic effort now will enable him to rally support for military action later on if the disarmament effort stalls or collapses altogether.1 October 2013Last updated at 14:45 GMT Dave Lee Travis charged with two further indecent assault counts Former BBC Radio 1 DJ Dave Lee Travis has been charged with two counts of indecent assault in addition to 12 charges he already faces. The 68-year-old is accused of assaulting a woman aged over 16 between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1993. Mr Travis, of Mentmore, Bucks – whose real name is David Patrick Griffin – will appear on bail at Westminster Magistrates’ Court on 3 October. He already faces 11 indecent assault charges and one of sexual assault. He has indicated he will plead not guilty to the first 12 charges. He appeared in court at the Old Bailey on 6 September in relation to these counts. Mr Travis, a Radio 1 presenter between 1968 and 1993, was first charged on 15 August as part of Operation Yewtree, an investigation into historical claims of sexual offences linked to the entertainment industry. Nine female complainants At his last court appearance, he was released on bail on condition that he lives at his home and does not contact the alleged victims. The existing allegations date from 1977 to 2007 and relate to nine female complainants aged between 15 and 29 at the time. A trial date for these charges has been set for 4 March 2014. The trial is expected to last four to five weeks. Mr Travis was charged with the latest two counts of indecent assault when he attended a police station by appointment, Scotland Yard confirmed. Operation Yewtree was launched in the wake of sexual offence allegations against ex-TV presenter and Radio 1 DJ Jimmy Savile. The operation has three strands. One is looking specifically at the actions of Savile and the second strand concerns allegations of sexual offences against “Savile and others”. Mr Travis’s arrest falls within a third strand, relating to allegations against other people unconnected to the Savile investigation.3 October 2013Last updated at 10:04 GMT Dave Lee Travis in court on two new sex charges Former Radio 1 DJ Dave Lee Travis has appeared at Westminster Magistrates’ Court to face two further sexual offence charges. Mr Travis, 68, of Mentmore, Bucks, is alleged to have indecently assaulted a woman aged over 16 between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1993. These are in addition to 12 counts he already faces. Mr Travis, who has indicated he will contest all charges, spoke to confirm his name, address and date of birth. He previously appeared in court to face 12 charges, which are said to have taken place between 1977 and 2007 against nine alleged victims aged between 15 and 29. Leaving the court in central London, Mr Travis, whose real name is David Patrick Griffin, did not make any comment to reporters. Released on bail Mr Travis was first arrested in November 2012 and charged on 15 August as part of Operation Yewtree, the police investigation which followed the Jimmy Savile abuse scandal, but the accusations against him are not connected with the disgraced ex-DJ and TV presenter. He was charged with the two fresh counts on 1 October. Mr Travis was released on bail following an appearance at the Old Bailey on 6 September on condition that he lives at his Buckinghamshire home and does not contact the alleged victims. Mr Justice Sweeney adjourned the case for a plea and case management hearing on 21 October and fixed a trial date for 4 March 2014. Mr Travis faces the following counts:17 May 2013Last updated at 16:05 GMT David Beckham’s career in numbers As David Beckham announces his retirement from professional football, we look at his career in statistics and images. Trend it like Beckham: his look on and off the pitchGolden touch: Silverware won with Beckham on the teamBrand Beckham David Beckham’s annual earnings far exceeded his sizeable salary, with a vast proportion coming from endorsements with major global brands such as Adidas and Pepsi Cola. Along with his pop star-turned-fashion designer wife Victoria, he has amassed an estimated fortune of ?200m in property and business ventures.1 October 2013Last updated at 16:09 GMT David Cameron – how many cuts? Is the Tory prescription for the nation’s economic health another dose of austerity? That is the question David Cameron faced on the morning after the promise before, a promise that in future government will spend less than it taxes, a promise which friend and foe alike have seen as likely to lead to seven more years of cuts. This is what the prime minister said when I spoke to him: “No, It doesn’t necessarily mean that. We’ve set out our spending plans for 2015/ 16 and the spending totals for the following two years. “What it means is not further cuts over and above that necessarily, but it means you couldn’t possibly go on a spending splurge once you’ve done the difficult work and it wouldn’t be right for the country to do so.” He insists that his and George Osborne’s plan is common sense and not ideology. “If you’ve had overdraft after overdraft year after year, it matters that in the good years you start putting some money aside for potentially rainy days that might lie a long way ahead.” I pointed out that no previous chancellor, no previous Conservative PM has promised a budget surplus year in year out precisely because it could lead to cuts in public spending. He replied that: “If economy continues to grow, if tax revenues increase and if unemployment falls, there would be money to spend on other departments. But I’m not arguing this is an easy choice. It’s a difficult choice.” In other words he hopes that higher tax receipts and lower welfare bills will mean that the Treasury does not have to raid one Whitehall department’s budget to subsidise increases in another. “Obviously you have to make the decisions about what you do with each department but we’ve demonstrated in government that you can make reductions but improve services. “Here we’ve cut police budgets by 20%, but crime has fallen and policing is very visible. “So I don’t accept we should measure how effective government is by how much money it spends. We should measure government by what results it gets.” I also asked him why he was subsidising the mortgage of someone who could afford a ?600,000 house – a subsidised loan worth the cost of an entire house in some parts of Manchester; why he was in favour of interfering in the housing market and not the energy market and about Boris Johnson and Ed Miliband’s row with the Daily Mail. (You can watch the interview at the top of this page)29 September 2013Last updated at 17:13 GMT David Cameron brings forward Help to Buy scheme A controversial scheme allowing people across the UK to take out 95% mortgages will be launched next week – three months earlier than planned. PM David Cameron made the announcement as the Conservatives gathered in Manchester for their annual conference. He rejected fears the Help to Buy scheme will fuel a housing bubble. He told the BBC’s Andrew Marr show the market was “recovering from a very low base” and first-time buyers needed help to get on the housing ladder. “As prime minister I am not going to stand by while people’s aspirations to get on the housing ladder are being trashed.” He added: “If we don’t do this it will only be people with rich parents to help them who can get on the housing ladder – that is not fair, it is not right.” ‘Trust’ He rejected concerns – raised by Business Secretary Vince Cable among others – of an unsustainable boom in house prices, particularly in the south-east of England. The prime minister urged people to “trust” the Bank of England, which has been given an enhanced role in monitoring the effect of the scheme on prices. And he said mortgage-lenders, including the Halifax, RBS and Nat West, had already signed up to it. Some of the UK’s biggest lenders – HSBC, Santander, Nationwide and Barclays – have yet to decide whether to take part, the banks told the BBC. Mr Cameron also used his Andrew Marr interview to stress that there would be no “mansion tax” if he his prime minister after the next election, making it clear that this would be a so-called “red line” – a point he would refuse to concede – in coalition negotiations. A property tax on more valuable homes – known as a mansion tax – is a key demand of the Liberal Democrats. Meanwhile, outside the conference against government austerity policies, particularly those affecting the NHS. Greater Manchester Police described it as one of the largest protests they had ever policed. In other developments: Mr Cameron admitted to mistakes in the way the government handled the gay marriage issue, saying: “I don’t think I expected quite the furore that there was.” He said he understood and respected people’s difficulties with the policy and said the government had failed to convey the fact the policy would not affect what happened in churches, mosques and synagogues. ‘Build more homes’ The Conservatives will use their week in Manchester to unveil a series of policies aimed at showing they are “on the side of hard working people”. Other policy announcements are set to include a crackdown on welfare payments and an expansion of free schools. Labour extended its lead in the opinion polls after announcing at its conference last week that it would freeze energy prices and increase corporation tax to pay for a cut in business rates for small firms. Mr Cameron dismissed Labour leader Ed Miliband’s economic strategy as “nuts,” arguing that increasing tax on big business risked choking off the recovery. He said the only way to “sustainably raise living standards is to keep the recovery going, and the economy is now moving, to keep on creating jobs…to keep on cutting the deficit.” Under the first phase of the Help to Buy scheme, launched in April, the government will give homebuyers in England equity loans of up to 20% of the price of a new property worth up to ?600,000. Homebuyers need to contribute at least 5% of the property price as a deposit, with a 75% mortgage to cover the rest. Under the second phase of Help to Buy, which had been due to launch in January, the government will underwrite 15% of the value of a mortgage, allowing people to buy properties with a 5% deposit. It will apply to all home purchases in the UK of up to ?600,000. Applications for loans from the scheme will now be brought forward to the week beginning 7 October but the loans will not be paid out until 1 January. Anyone hoping to complete on their home purchase using the second phase of Help to Buy before 2014 will not be able to. ‘Less than responsible’ Adam Marshall, of the British Chambers of Commerce, said: “With all the concern expressed about Help to Buy – rushing into it seems less than responsible on part of government.” House prices rose at their fastest rate in more than six years in September, according to property analysts Hometrack. Labour said the government needed to build more houses to ease shortages. “Unless David Cameron acts now to build more affordable homes, as Labour has urged, then soaring prices risk making it even harder for first time buyers to get on the housing ladder,” said Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls. “You can’t deal with the cost of living crisis without building more homes, so it’s no wonder that for millions of families this is no recovery at all. It comes as a poll of more than 1,400 Conservative councillors in England and Wales for BBC One’s Sunday Politics suggested nearly a quarter would support an electoral pact with the UK Independence Party (UKIP) at the next general election. A Tory source said: “80% of our councillors didn’t respond to this survey so it’s hardly representative. It should be taken with a large pinch of salt.” The conference opened on Sunday with a tribute to former Prime Minster Baroness Thatcher, who died aged 87 in April. It will close with Mr Cameron’s keynote speech on Wednesday.1 February 2013Last updated at 19:18 GMT David Cameron calls on UN to end ‘extreme poverty’ David Cameron has told a UN meeting in Liberia that “eradicating extreme poverty” should be the focus of a new set of international development goals. The British PM was co-chair of the panel, which met on Friday to discuss new targets to replace the millennium development goals which expire in 2015. Mr Cameron said the UN must focus on ending poverty factors, including “corruption [and] lack of justice”. If agreed later this year, the new pledges will run until 2030. Mr Cameron – who chaired the high-level panel jointly with Liberian president Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Indonesia’s Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono – said the north African country had been “absolutely devastated by conflict and civil war”. But he insisted more than just financial aid was required to lift countries in a similar situation out of poverty. ‘Rule of law’ Speaking to reporters after the meeting, Mr Cameron said: “[Liberia] is now recovering but there is still desperate poverty… one in 10 children do not make it to the age of five. “It is important we look at those things that keep countries poor. Conflict, corruption, lack of justice, lack of the rule of law. These things matter as well as money.” During the press conference, the Prime Minister was also forced to defend his commitment to dedicate 0.7% of British gross domestic product to foreign aid. Mr Cameron has pledged to protect the international development budget but conceded on Thursday that the UK defence budget could be cut further in 2015-16. He said: “I am proud of the fact that Britain has kept its promises. We will achieve 0.7% of our gross national income in aid as promised. And I am proud to be the PM who has helped deliver that.” The GDP commitment has yet to be enshrined in law. UN goals The millennium development goals, designed to be completed by 2015, are pledges by UN member countries to increase living standards in poorer parts of the world. The first of the targets – halving poverty among some of the very poorest – has been achieved, due largely to big increases in income in recent years in China and India. But attempts to reach other goals have been less successful. Mr Cameron was selected by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon as joint chair the meeting. The next set of UN goals will be drafted with input from charities and advocacy groups. More than 60 groups were in the Liberian capital Monrovia – where the meeting took place – to air their views. Earlier, Mr Cameron visited the Anna F Whisnant elementary school with President Sirleaf. He said many of the children he spoke to in the playground “wanted to be doctors, lawyers and even government ministers. “If you ask children in the UK, all they want to be is pop stars and footballers,” he joked. The next meeting will be in Indonesia. followed by a final gathering in New York in May – where the findings will be presented to Ban Ki Moon.2 October 2013Last updated at 14:14 GMT David Cameron: Labour’s the point Elections are won by the party that defines the question. That is an essential truism of politics and it explains what David Cameron was trying to do today. Labour want the choice at the 2015 general election to be between which party can best help voters with the cost of living. The economy may be growing but only Labour, so their argument goes, can best ensure that the benefits will be shared fairly. Thus higher taxes on big business to help small business. Thus fewer profits for energy firms and cheaper bills for consumers. And only Labour, so the rhetoric goes, can make Britain better. Today the prime minister challenged that analysis. He wishes the election to be a question over which party can best secure the recovery and offer the best vision for the future. Let’s stick with it, he said, and finish the job we have started. The Tories will support business in a way Labour would not. Profit is not a dirty word. No gimmicks, no quick fix, he said, just more hard work. Being deliberately cautious, he said it was not job done but job begun. And he went further. The Conservatives, he said, were not just trying to fix the economy, dreaming of decimal points and dry fiscal plans. He said they want to do more than clear up the mess they believe was left by Labour. They also want to support aspiration, creating what he calls a land of opportunity, helping people to get a job through their welfare reforms, to “rise up and succeed” with their education changes, and grow their businesses by keeping interest rates low. It was an echo of much of what Mr Cameron said in his conference speech last year. Relentless critique There was little new policy apart from the idea that unemployment benefit might be docked from the under 25s unless they are in education, training, work or an apprenticeship. But perhaps what was most surprising was the relentless critique of Labour. Mr Cameron referred to his opponents twenty five times, more than any other of his themes or lines. The prime minister mocked his Liberal Democrat coalition colleagues just once, briefly and gently, and did not mention UKIP once, despite it being the talk of many fringes here in Manchester. Instead, Mr Cameron attacked Labour’s record in office and what he sees as its failure to understand what is wrong with Britain today and what the country needs for the future. Let me give you a flavour of some of the attack, just to get a sense of how much time he devoted to Labour: “We are clearing up the mess that Labour left.” “Who protected spending on the NHS? Not Labour – us. Who presided over Mid Staffs??patients left for so long without water, they were drinking out of dirty vases…people’s grandparents lying filthy and unwashed for days. Who allowed that to happen? Yes, it was Labour…” “The casino economy meets the welfare society meets the broken education system… country for the few built by the so-called party of the many??and Labour: we will never let you forget it.” ‘Fantasy land’ “We still haven’t finished paying for Labour’s Debt Crisis. If anyone thinks that’s over, done, dealt with – they’re living in a fantasy land. This country’s debt crisis, created by Labour, is not over.” “Labour have stopped talking about the debt crisis and now they talk about the cost of living crisis. As if one wasn’t directly related to the other. If you want to know what happens if you don’t deal with a debt crisis….and how it affects the cost of living…..just go and ask the Greeks.” “To abandon deficit reduction now would throw away all the progress we’ve made. It would put us back to square one. Unbelievably, that’s exactly what Labour now want to do. “How did they get us into this mess? Too much spending, too much borrowing, too much debt. And what did they propose last week? More spending, more borrowing, more debt. They have learned nothing – literally nothing – from the crisis they created.” “Last week Labour proposed to put up corporation tax on our biggest and most successful employers. That is just about the most damaging, nonsensical, twisted economic policy you could possibly come up with.” “We’ve heard Labour’s ideas to help with the cost of living. Taxes on banks they want to spend ten times over. Promising free childcare – then saying that actually, you’ve got to pay for it. An energy promise they admitted 24 hours later they might not be able to keep. It’s all sticking plasters and quick fixes… cobbled together for the TV cameras. Red Ed and his Blue Peter economy.” “The land of despair was Labour…but the land of hope is Tory.” Political weather Now many in Labour take it as a compliment that Mr Cameron felt the need to make so much of his speech a response to what Ed Miliband said last week at his conference. They see it as Labour making the political weather, forcing Mr Cameron to sing to their tune rather than set his own agenda. They say the one thing that people will remember from this conference season is their promise to freeze energy bills. And they note, too, there were no claims that Mr Miliband is weak, until now a familiar Tory refrain. But Conservatives dispute that analysis. They say that Tory leaders always respond to their Labour counterparts because of chronology, their conferences by convention follow Labour’s. They say that they are responding to Labour because they now have a target, what they see as a left wing set of socialist proposals, something they can push back against. And they also note that they are not responding in kind with what they describe as a short term gimmick to match Mr Miliband’s energy price freeze. That is not to say the Conservatives will not match Mr Miliband’s price freeze. They will but they do not feel the need to do so now. One very senior Tory minister told me that what Labour has done is what oppositions always do and that is defining a problem. But, he said, only governments can actually affect solutions. So he said we should expect some kind of energy price cut, funded by a reduction in renewable subsidies, before the election, And that is the point. Voters may support the party they think best placed to secure the recovery. But they also might want to support they party they think will most likely keep their bills down.1 October 2013Last updated at 14:42 GMT David Cameron reveals love of bread-making David Cameron has revealed that he fits in time between his prime ministerial duties to make bread for his children. The Conservative leader expressed his “delight” at creating the occasional granary loaf using a labour-saving electric bread-maker. The subject came up during an interview when the PM was unable to give the price of a “value sliced white loaf”. Mr Cameron told LBC 97.3 that, rather than go to the shops, he liked a baking smell to “waft” through his kitchen. Questions about the costs of everyday goods – groceries in particular – are often fired at politicians to test how in touch they are with ordinary people’s lives. ‘North of a pound’ Speaking on BBC Two’s Newsnight on Monday, London Mayor Boris Johnson incorrectly suggested a pint of milk came to about 90p – the true figure is usually about half that. On LBC, presenter Nick Ferrari asked the prime minister how much a typical supermarket value loaf of sliced white bread costs. Mr Cameron replied: “I don’t buy the value sliced loaf. I’ve got a bread-maker at home which I delight in using and it turns out in all sorts of different ways. “But you can buy a loaf in the supermarket for well north of a pound.” The radio host said the actual figure was about 47p. Mr Cameron added: “I’m trying to get my children to eat the sort of granary. And they take it actually. They like my homemade bread.” The prime minister then went on to plug a brand of flour made in his parliamentary constituency of Witney, in Oxfordshire. He added: “You set the timer [of the bread-maker] overnight so when you wake up there is this wonderful smell wafting through your kitchen. It takes 30 seconds to put in the ingredients.” Home baking has become more fashionable in recent years, with BBC Two’s The Great British Bake-Off attracting millions of viewers. Mr Cameron’s wife Samantha held a cake sale to raise money for BBC’s Comic Relief in March.2 October 2013Last updated at 20:26 GMT David Cameron suggests cutting benefits for under-25s David Cameron has suggested benefits paid to people under the age of 25 could be cut in an effort to reduce long-term worklessness. In his speech to the Conservative conference, the prime minister promised to “nag and push and guide” young people away from a life on the dole. It was later confirmed that the government is reviewing policies for 16 to 25-year-olds. But Labour accused the Conservatives of a “desperate” lack of ideas. In his speech, Mr Cameron promised to create a “land of opportunity” by boosting business and reducing reliance on benefits. He also vowed to improve the education system and told party activists that there was still much work to do to fix the economic “mess” left by Labour. ‘Bold action’ The from the Department of Work and Pensions showed 1.09 million people between the ages of 16 and 24 were not in work, education or training. The problem has proved stubbornly hard to tackle across Europe, with rates of youth unemployment soaring above 50% in Spain. Mr Cameron argued that action was needed in the UK, saying: “There are still over a million young people not in education, employment, or training. “Today it is still possible to leave school, sign on, find a flat, start claiming housing benefit and opt for a life on benefits. It’s time for bold action here.” He promised the Conservatives would consider, as they write their manifesto for the 2015 general election, whether “that option should really exist at all”. A Conservative source has told the BBC the manifesto will definitely contain a commitment to end the automatic entitlement to housing benefit for the under-25s, as suggested previously by Mr Cameron. In his speech, the prime minister criticised reliance on benefits, saying: “Instead we should give young people a clear, positive choice: Go to school. Go to college. Do an apprenticeship. Get a job. “But just choose the dole? We’ve got to offer them something better than that.” ‘Dunt’ He added: “And let no one paint ideas like this as callous. Think about it: with your children, would you dream of just leaving them to their own devices, not getting a job, not training, nothing? “No – you’d nag and push and guide and do anything to get them on their way?? and so must we. So this is what we want to see: everyone under 25 – earning or learning.” During the week-long conference in Manchester, the Conservatives have announced plans to make the long-term unemployed undertake work placements if they want to continue receiving benefits. Mr Cameron did not set out any specific changes regarding under-25s during his 50-minute speech, but Education Secretary Michael Gove offered more detail when questioned on BBC Radio 4′s The World at One. He announced that Cabinet Secretary Sir Jeremy Heywood was already reviewing the policies in place. He is expected to report his findings by the end of the year. Mr Gove said: “It is always going to be the case that there are some people for whom you need not so much a nudge as a dunt (a firm blow or stroke) towards the workplace. “It’s important also that we all recognise that welfare is there explicitly to help those people through hard times that it shouldn’t become habituated.” He said he would not pre-empt the policy review, adding: “I don’t think any of us would want to take away any form of necessary support to young or old vulnerable people.” ‘Suffering’ However, unions warned that any cut in benefits would hurt the worst-off. TUC general secretary Frances O’Grady said: “Given the government’s awful track record of helping young people find jobs, the prime minister’s threat to ban the dole for under-25s will simply push hundreds of thousands of young people, including those with young families, even deeper into poverty. “Young people suffered most in the recession. Today the prime minister has pledged that they will suffer most during the recovery too.” The general secretary of the University and College Union, Sally Hunt,

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